The Circle and the Square:

Why was I interested in this stone?: because I’d seen it before. 

Here are four stones, placed precisely together creating a cross, connected by the carved circle.  It was, perhaps, one of the more interesting things I found at Chitzen Itza.  And I found it by happenstance.  I was not on the beaten path, but was wandering among the trees and ruins of this lost and abandoned city doing my own exploring before having to head back to the bus.

It immediately made me think of the Celtic Crosses of Ireland.

 

 

When the film, Hidalgo, came out in 2004, I was equally intrigued by the necklace the main character, Frank Hopkins, wore as a reminder of his North American Plaines Indian heritage.

 

Was there any connection between Central America, North America and Europe?  As I did a little internet digging, I came across several websites, but I liked this one best, http://symboldictionary.net/?p=784.  I found out that this symbol is not only very old, it’s global, associated with a myriad of ancient religions.  It is often referred to as the Solar Cross, depicting the turning of the year, or, as with some North American Indians, with the ages of Man - infancy, youth, middle age and old age.

That this symbol is associated with so many ancient religions seems obvious.  What is more basic than a circle and a straight line?  Just go into any store that sells drafting equipment.  You will find equipment to will help you draw a perfect circle and a perfect square, or cross.  With these basics, you can draw anything, build anything.  That symbol was used to help people build and define their lives, so no wonder it’s everywhere – it’s likely been around since the very beginning.

So I shouldn’t wonder at it.  If it’s an ancient religious symbol, if people traveled far and wide then as they do now, as the Book of Mormon attests, that symbol would be all over the world. 

And so it is, and I find that very interesting.

Next time:  North American Indians & George Catlin

The Case for the Book of Mormon in Central America

I had to go digging this morning for the pictures I wanted, but I found them.  I can’t believe it’s been 10 years since my trip to Mexico and the Riviera Maya.  I went with my friend, Michelle Krugar, the first of several trips we have taken together over the years since.

 

Michelle was very keen to see the ruins of Central America and connect them to the Book of Mormon.  Although I had read several books and articles on the subject, I had become skeptical.  Nevertheless, I smiled and swam and ate and spent money and enjoyed the trip.  I did, however, learn a few things of interest.

We visited Tulum, an interesting ruin on the coast, south of Playa Del Carmen where our resort was. 

We even visited Chitzen Itza, the grand-daddy of archeological sites on the Yucatan Peninsula. 

 

I wasn’t surprised to learn that all these sites were from the later periods, 1000 A.D. to 1500 A.D.  In fact the earliest indicators for these people seem to be that they moved into the area around 400-500 A.D. at a time of massive migrations and movements of people.

I also found a people obsessed with the heart.  In this little temple in Tulum, just above the door you see the figure of a man, upside down, head and hands toward the opening.  You can’t see it in this photo, but the tour guide explained that in this man’s hands is a human heart.

 

We look at the Maya and the Aztec as a bloodthirsty people, who captured their enemies and cut their hearts out, offering them to their bloodthirsty gods.  What an apostate twist - a literal interpretation of the admonition to “offer your heart” unto God.  I can just hear these blind people asking, “How do we offer our hearts to god?” and some wicked tyrant, in a bid to control his people and expand his territory insist it was literal, “but if your good, we’ll get a proxy for you.  We’ll defeat our enemies, take their lands and offer their hearts for yours.” 

There are two principles here, and both are Christian.  One, the need to give God your heart so that He can heal you, and, Two, proxy work.  Both of these principles are evident in the New Testament when Christ admonished his disciples to love God with all their “hearts,” and when Paul declares to the Corinthians “Else what shall they do which are baptized for the dead, if the dead rise not at all?”  Anciently, there was obviously proxy baptism for the dead.

And, of course, the greatest proxy work of all was when Christ offered himself a ransom for our sins.

The case for Central America being the land of the Book of Mormon is interesting, and there are those who are absolutely certain that it is so.  I’m still skeptical.  What I found was a people who had known the light, had fallen and migrated, bringing their apostate ideas with them to the Yucatan.

 

But where did they migrate from?  Well, here's an interesting stone I found amidst the ruins of Chitzan Itza.  We’ll take a closer look at it next time.

 

 

Exploring the Lands of the Book of Mormon: Introduction

Just do a search on any on-line search engine for “Book of Mormon Lands” and a whole slew of options become available.  There are a lot of opinions out there.  So before I throw my 2 cents worth into the mix, I just want to make one thing perfectly clear.  The location of events of the Book of Mormon don’t matter one bit to me.  Like the Bible, the Book of Mormon is a book of faith.  God’s ways are not man’s ways.  Men want evidence they can hold, measure, taste, touch and see.  God’s ways are ways of the heart.  Truth is a feeling.

What I want to share here is not any proof about where the Book of Mormon lands are.  As I said, that doesn’t matter.  It’s more about my journey through ideas that have come to my attention.  Things that I think are simply interesting.

Let’s start with my earliest recollections and research about the lands and cultures of the Book of Mormon peoples.

I remember as a teenager reading one book that believed the Book of Mormon lands were in South America.  Interestingly enough, years later I read in a book, (this was a couple of decades ago so I don’t remember what book, I’m afraid) that some of the Pre-Columbian inhabitants practiced circumcision.  The scholar who wrote the book was at a loss as to explain how the locals had acquired this practice.  “Hmm,” I thought, “isn’t that an ancient Isrealite practice?”  This same scholar claimed that the peoples of the kingdoms of western South America had a flowering in their culture, a golden era, of advances in agriculture, medicine and art in the first three centuries A.D.  Well, that’s about the right time period.  I found that interesting.

Later, things began to deteriorate.  In the lost desert kingdoms of Peru, thousands of pieces of sculpture have been dug up from the sand.  A lot of it was of portrait mugs, (the artist really caught the personalities in many of them) but most of the sculptures were erotica.  It turned out to be the largest cache of ancient erotica ever unearthed.  I left that book in the car, not daring to bring it into my house.  That kingdom was absolutely wiped off the face of the earth, and is now nothing but a desert.  Nobody lives there anymore.  In fact, all the great civilizations of all the Americas, North, Central and South, are no more.

There is a lot to be learned about the lost civilizations of South America, the land of the Incas and the tribes along the Amazon River.  Hundreds of books have been written, thousands of articles and on-line web pages.  I long ago discarded South America as a possible site for the lands of the Book of Mormon, but I do believe that they were influenced by the scattered remnants.  Why else would the last Inca king call himself the Son of God?

I find those influences particularly interesting.

Next:  More exploring!

Searching for Israel and Finding the Arthurian Legends - Summary

Well, this has been a journey, and I appreciate the opportunity to share these thoughts and ideas.  I’m sure more thoughts will crop up in the future, like ‘What is the Holy Grail?’ and Percival vs. Galahad, will the real finder of the Holy Grail please stand up. 

It’s important to know who you and where you come from.  It’s important to know that God loves His children and keeps His promises.  Researching this material brought out a great excitement in me.  It wasn’t just the excitement of discovery, but the excitement to know:  this is who I am, this is where I came from.  My ancestors came from Scotland, Isle of Man, Wales, and other parts of England.  They also came from Norway, The Netherlands and the northern parts of France where the Bretons had fled to in the aftermath of war with the Saxons.

There was something important going on in those Islands and God really did have dealings with them, though time and history have dimmed the truth. 

Nothing was left to chance.

I’m Israel.   I’m of the house of Israel.  I’m of the house of Ephraim and I don’t think it’s just by adoption.  Sure, there’s a mingling of different lines, but there’s enough that God remembered His promises to His servants, Abraham, Isaac and Jacob, that He would bring Israel out of obscurity, renew the covenant and bring His church out of obscurity and into the light. 

The Children of Israel were not chosen to be special and above everyone else.  They were chosen to be the least, the most humble, the servants of all.  They were chosen to bear the gospel to all the world, that all the nations of the earth might be blessed, that all the world would be Israel, the covenant people of the God.

When that happens, there truly will be a thousand years of peace.

Next:  Shall we explore Book of Mormon lands?

Gildas the Sage: Part Six

Last year, when I was hosting an educational program on the Mormon Channel called, “Insights,” I interviewed Dr. C. Wilfred Griggs on Christianity in the fourth and fifth century A.D. Egypt.  During this interview I learned the distinction between the “Apostles,” “The Apostolic Fathers,” and “The Church Fathers.”  Of course, the “Apostles” are the original 12 Apostles whom the Lord called to lead His church and take the gospel to all the world.  The “Apostolic Fathers” come later, during the 4^th and 5^th centuries.  In my interview with Dr. Griggs, it became clear these Apostolic Fathers still understood many correct and original truths, but they KNEW the church was in serious decline and a state of apostasy from the original teachings of the Savior and His Apostles.  When we get to the Church Fathers, the apostasy appears to be complete.

In my view, Gildas of Great Britain, writing in the mid-sixth century, can be classified with the Apostolic Fathers.   And perhaps he was something more.

When I finally understood what he was telling the clergy of his day, that if they did not change and repent, doing what they were supposed to be doing as Shepherds of the Lord, they would lose revelation, and loose the Church, I flipped towards the end of his book to see how he would wrap this up.

And here is what he wrote that just amazed me.

“I am clear and clean from the blood of all: for I have not forborne to declare unto you all the counsel of God.” 

I’ve tried to look this phrase up in the Old and New Testament, but I’m only finding it in LDS cannon.  Gildas claims he is quoting an apostle.  Where ever it may come from, it is definitely here in the works of Gildas, and I find that extremely significant.  It is such a Book of Mormon thing to say!  Look it up in Mosiah, chapter 2.  King Benjamin, a righteous, God fearing man, proclaims the gospel to his people, teaches the right way to live and behave, then says in verse 28:

“I say unto you that I have caused that ye should assemble yourselves together that I might rid my garments of your blood, at this period of time when I am about to go down to my grave, that I might go down in peace, and my immortal spirit may join the choirs above in singing the praises of a just God.”

Gildas does everything a prophet does. 

1.       He warns the people of their sins.

2.       He tells them what they are doing wrong.

3.       He admonishes them to turn to Christ, to repent.

4.       He warns them of the consequences of their actions.

5.       He rids his garments of their blood. 

Shortly after Gildas publishes his warning book, according to the Book of Saints, he becomes an aesthetic and lives on a rocky island somewhere in the English Channel until some fishermen find him and take him to France.  He lives in a cave near a river, then, towards the end of his life, about 565 A.D., he is rumored to go to Ireland.  By all accounts, he dies in the year 570 A.D. 

Personally, I think, like John the Apostle, Gildas was exiled to his rocky island and the fishermen rescued him.  And he is not the only prophet during desperate times to spend part of his life living in a cave.  Ether is the first that comes to mind, and probably Mormon and Moroni as well. 

I shall end my essay on Gildas with this.  A few years ago, I came across this passage in the Joseph Smith Translation of the Bible.  It’s in Revelation, chapter 12, the one about the woman being forced to flee into the wilderness where God had a place prepared for her for a period of time.  In verse 5, Joseph Smith changed “a thousand two hundred and threescore days” to “years.”  Well, my little brain started thinking about that and I took out a calculator.  I knew the gospel had been restored in the year 1830.  The Church of Christ was starting to come out of obscurity.  So I took that number, subtracted 1260 and got… 

570 A.D.   

The year the Church went INTO obscurity.  The same year Gildas is reported to have died.   

And I just find that extremely interesting!

To listen to my interview with Dr. C. Wilfred Griggs, “Christianity in Egypt,” visit mormonchannel.org/insights/9.

Gildas the Sage: Part Five

“Britain hath priests, but they are unwise; very many that minister, but many of them impudent; clerks she hath, but certain of them are deceitful raveners; pastors (as they are called) but rather wolves prepared for the slaughter of souls (for they provide not for the good of the common people, but covet rather the gluttony of their own bellies), possessing the houses of the church, but obtaining them for filthy lucre’s sake; instructing the laity, but showing withal most depraved examples, vices and evil manners; seldom sacrificing, and seldom with clean hearts;…”

Gildas goes on and on an on with pages and pages of examples of wrongdoings by the clergy of his day.  Following is the Reader’s Digest Condensed list of sins he claimes they have committed.

1.       “Reverencing the sinful rich man,”

2.       “Concealing the horrible sins of the people, and amplifying injuries offered unto  themselves,”

3.       “Seeking rather ambitiously for ecclesiastical dignities than for the kingdom of heaven,”

4.       “Diligent and attentive to the plays and foolish fables of secular men, as if they were the very ways to life,…”

5.       “Slothful and dumb in the Apostolic decrees,”

6.       “…so sinful as after the example of Simon Magus…with earthly price to purchase the office of a bishop or priest,”

7.       “…of sinners, they make them not penitents…”

8.       They go overseas and travel in many countries, get some education then come home and set themselves up to show off their accomplishments (paraphrased). 

Where Gildas was pretty blunt with the kings, he is brutal to the bishops and priests. 

Part of the problem, I believe, comes from the caste system the Celts had lived under for centuries.   Old traditions are hard to get rid of.  Just as the Greeks slipped Greek philosophy into Christian teachings, the Bretons had a hard time giving up their old ways as well. 

This caste system is very similar to the caste system found in India, though perhaps not as strict. 

A.      The priestly caste.  The highest caste, where the order of the Druids is found.

B.      The warrior caste.  These were the kings and generals and other military men.

C.      The merchant cast.  Those who sold and traded goods.

D.      The farmer caste.  Those who worked the land.

The Celtic caste system was not necessarily hereditary.  As I understand it, people could move around in the caste system depending on their talents.  But I’m sure the Druidic order had its influences on the Celtic Christian Church.  The Druids were pretty much gone by the late 400s A.D.  Were they all slaughtered?  Did they scatter and wither away?  Or were they converted to this Christianity?  We don’t know, but the similarities between the Druidic order and the Levitical order bear some further study.

Regardless of the influences and problems, it is evident by Gildas words that the church in Britain is in a severe state of apostasy, of walking down the wrong path.  The bishops and priests had turned from humbly serving to pompously self-serving.

Once again, Gildas uses the scriptures to condemn the priests.   They do not follow the examples the  Abraham, he accuses them, or Joseph of Egypt or Moses, or any of the prophets.  He quotes scripture after scripture, waiving a warning flag.  In fact there were so many scriptures I got impatient.  “I get it!  I get it!” I exclaimed.  And what did I get?

“Woe be to the pastors who destroy and rend in pieces the flock of my pasture, saith our Lord.  Thus, therefore saith our Lord God of Israel, unto the pastors who guide my people, Ye have dispersed my flock, and cast them forth, and not visited them.  Behold I will visit upon you the malice of your endeavors.”

“Behold, the days shall come, saith our Lord, and I will send out a famine upon the earth; not the famine of bread, nor the thirst of water, but a famine in the hearing the word of God, and the waters shall be moved from sea to sea and they shall run over from the north even unto the east seaking the word of our Lord, and shall not find it.”

These were the kinds of scriptures Gildas was quoting.  In essence, he was telling them that if they did not repent and do what they were supposed to be doing, they were going to lose the church and lose the gift of revelation and truth. 

Gildas foresaw the great apostasy to come.

By 600 A.D., the church in Rome, after several attempts over the last two hundred years, finally succeeded in taking over the church in the British Isles.  The Celtic Christian church ceased to exist, being absorbed into the Church of Rome, becoming the Roman Catholic Church.

Next:  “I am clear and clean from the blood of all:”

Gildas the Sage: Part Four

“Britain has kings, but they are tyrants;  she has judges, but unrighteous ones;  generally engaged in plunder and rapine, but always preying on the innocent;  whenever they exert themselves to avenge or protect, it is sure to be in favour of robbers and criminals;  they have an abundance of wives, yet are they addicted to fornication and adultery;  they are ever ready to take oaths, and as often perjure themselves;  they make a vow and almost immediately act falsely;  they make war, but their wars are against their countrymen, and are unjust ones;  they rigorously prosecute thieves throughout their country, but those who sit at table with them are robbers, and they not only cherish but reward them;  they give alms plentifully, but in contrast to this is a whole pile of crimes which they have committed;  they sit on the seat of justice, but rarely seek for the rule of right judgment;  they despise the innocent and the humble, but seize every occasion of exalting to the utmost the bloody-minded;  the proud, murderers, the combined and adulterers, enemies of God, who ought to be utterly destroyed and their names forgotten.

“They have many prisoners in their goals, loaded with chains, but this is done in treachery rather than in just punishment for crimes;  and when they have stood before the alter, swearing by the name of God, they go away and think no more of the holy alter than if it were a mere heap of dirty stones.” 

Well, that was blunt. 

Words like this could get one assassinated, or at the very least imprisoned, or banished.  Wait, I think that’s what happened to Gildas.  They didn’t dare kill a holy man, but banishment was all right.  We’ll talk more about that later, in the meantime, let’s take a closer look at what Gildas is doing here. 

Apparently, the kingdom, under this modest man, Ambrosius Aurelianus, which I mentioned last time, had become safe and prosperous.  The Pride Cycle was on the upswing toward wickedness.  Gildas is called upon to declare a warning to the people.  His warnings, however, are not to the people at large, they are directed towards the kings, who’s names are not forgotten, because he mentions them:  Constantine, Aurelius Conanus, Vortipore, Cuneglasse and Maglocune.  But in this work, their names are not mentioned in glory or valor or might, but for all their dirty tricks.

That he directs his words toward the kings is telling.

Remember the book of Judges in the Old Testament when the people were under individual covenant?  What each man did affected the whole of Israel.  When Joshua went in to Canaan to conquer the land, the people were given strict warning not to keep any of the loot.  It was all to go into one big pile that would be used for the good of all.  Well, one man decided to keep some of it to himself.  What was the consequence?   Israel did not prosper in their wars.  The man was found out and not only was he stoned to death, but his wife and children as well.  Sounds harsh on the outside, but we don’t know all the story.  Was his wife in cahoots with him?  Were his children learning bad habits?  Was it better to take them out of this world to act not only as a warning to the rest of Israel, but to stop the family from future perversions of the right way?  We don’t know.  But with that judgment rendered, Israel once again prospered.  The covenant was between God and individuals.  Israel was a land of self governing tribes, a Confederation if you please. 

Dash forward a few hundred years and Israel doesn’t want to be a Confederation anymore.  They want a king.  Samuel warns them about kingships, but the people insist, so God gives them a king.  The covenant now changes.  It isn’t with the individual population.  God’s covenant is with the king.  The king then makes a covenant to teach the people the right way.  The people make their covenant with the king to be obedient to his laws.  I’ve heard this referred to often as the David Covenant.  Apparently king David was the first to take this covenant seriously.  

That Gildas understands this kind of covenant is evident in one of his quotes from the scriptures, “When the king heareth the unjust word, all under his dominion become wicked.”   If our leader is doing it, it must be OK, because he’s anointed by God to lead us!

Sticky, sticky, sticky.

So Gildas is following the ancient way.  He warns the leaders, the kings of his day, in the hopes that if they change, the people at large will change too and disaster can be avoided.  Following are the wrong doings Gildas is accusing the kings of committing.

Constantine:  Killed two royal youths, put away his wife, contrary to the command of Christ, committed adultery, practiced Sodomy, committed horrible murder and sacrilege.  (Apparently this is just the tip of the iceburg of sins committed by this king.)

Aurelius Conanus:  Murder, fornication and adultery.  Brought about civil war.

Vortipure:  Deceit, murder and adultery.  Put away his wife.

Cuneglasse:  Warmonger, civil war, butcher, adulterer, bound up in riches.

Maglocune:  Last in writing, first in mischief, king killer, kingdom taker, licentious, blood-thirsty, deceitful, broke this oaths, apostate, divorce, adultery, murderer

Now, Gildas rarely uses the word repent except to quote it from another source.  I think that’s interesting.  Gildas uses words like, “Look back, and come to Christ.  Come to him who wisheth not the death of a sinner, but that he should rather converted and live.”  “…be speedily converted unto our Lord…”  “…salvation shines on the faces of the penitent,…for Christ doth never despise a heart that is contrite and humbled with fear of him.”

Gildas is doing exactly what a prophet is supposed to do.  He raises a warning voice, tells you what your sins are and exhorts you to repent – or “look back and come to Christ.”

Gildas then goes on, page after page after page, quoting scriptures.  He’s not standing alone in his attacks.  He’s supporting himself by what previous prophets and apostles have said and done.  There was so much of it, page after page, I finally had to take a step back and ask myself what all these quotes were about, and I discovered they were all about loss.  He was warning the kings that if they did not change and become converted to Christ and lead the people in the right way, they would lose their kingdoms.

This is exactly what happened 26 years later, in the year 572 A.D. at the battle of Arthuret.  The Saxons completely routed the Bretons who were forced to flee.  The kingdoms were scattered.  Though there were several attempts to reclaim their lost lands by later kings, they were never successful.  The land of the Bretons, Britannia, became the land of the Saxons, Angles and Jutes.  It became England.

Next:  “evil deeds done against God by bishops or other priests”

Gildas the Sage: Part Three

“The Ruin of Britain” was not written for the masses.  It had only two audiences, one of which was very dangerous, the kings of his day.  The other may have been equally dangerous in its own way, the clergy of his day.  In his work, he condemns them both.

Today, at least in my country, we don’t have kings and our leaders are not sacred, so we don’t have priests as the king’s ministers of government.  We don’t understand a theocracy.  Our perceptions of a theocracy are tainted by what has happened in places like Iran, an Islamic state headed by an Ayatolla.

Anciently, kings were sacred and their governments were run by priests who had the law of God (whichever god they believed in) and administered that law by interpreting sacred texts.  This was still true in 4^th century Britain.  According to Gildas, the God they worshiped was the God of the Old and New Testaments, God the Father and His Son, Jesus Christ.

Gildas claims that Christianity came to “…these islands, stiff with cold and frost, and in a distant region of the world,…” during the reign of Tiberius Caesar, who reigned from 14-37 A.D.  So, that’s pretty early.  That means that the Christianity planted in Britain was directly from Jerusalem and the original apostles.

Gildas continues his history describing persecutions and martyrdoms at the hands of the Romans, then wars with the Picts and Scotts wherein they turned to the Roman Legions for help, but finally the Romans leave Britain, never to return.  In this vacuum, the Picts and Scotts attack with a vengeance and the Bretons are in a sore spot.  A famine, made by war, sets in.  (By the way, we’re covering hundreds of years here.  The Romans left Britain in about 410 A.D., after the sacking of Rome by the Germanic Tribes from the north countries.)  We get the history of king Vortigern and the Saxons and the whole mess the Bretons were in.  Their kingdom is on the brink of annihilation.  Picts and Scotts attack from the north and the Saxons attack from the east.   

It is during this vacuum that the history of a king Arthur takes place.  An actual “Arthur” is never mentioned, but remember, “Arthur” may be from an old Irish word, “aite” or “foster-father.”  Solddiers anciently referred to their battle commanders as “father.”   I covered this in my blog from March 12, 2010. But Gildas does mention an Ambrosius Aurelianus and calls him “a modest man.”  High praise indeed, in fact, the only person in all his work whom he does praise, except for God. 

There are many scholars who think this Ambrosius is the historical king Arthur.  But Ambrosius was not a king.  He was a battle commander.  Through his efforts, the Saxons were put to flight, the Picts and Scotts contained, and the kingdom of the Bretons experienced 40 years of peace and prosperity.  It is into this time, about 500 A.D., that Gildas is born, in fact, he says he was born in the same year as the decisive battle at Badon hill against the Saxons, the one that so terrified them they didn’t come to war against the Bretons until Ambrosius was dead, or so I surmise.

So Gildas grows up in this peace and prosperity.  Everything booms, the economy, because the roads are now safe, and the church.  But remember, this is not the Church from Rome, this is a church that still claims some authority from Jerusalem.

And then the pride cycle kicks in.  It doesn’t just happen in the Book of Mormon.  It happens wherever the truth is taught.   The people go from facing destruction and death, to repentance, to righteousness, to prosperity and blessings, to complacency, to indolence and wickedness to ripening toward destruction. 

The kingdoms of the Bretons were no different.

Gildas claims he had received his commission to send out his warning voice in 536 A.D., but he waits ten years to actually publish what he has written.  I can hardly blame him for his procrastination.  It’s a frightening thing to condemn a king, let alone four of them.

Next:  “Britain has kings, but they are tyrants;…”

Gildas the Sage: Part Two

I’ve rediscovered some additional interesting stuff since writing last time.  That little red binder held more than just the writings of Gildas.  It also held some references to other works, especially from “The Celtic Year,” by Shirley Toulson, (Element Books Limited, 1993), and the Oxford Book of Saints (Oxford University Press, 1978).

Gildas was born in the north of the Isle of Britain, near Hadrian’s Wall, sometime between 498 and 500 A.D.  and that he died, according the Welsh Annals, around 570 A.D.  Keep that in mind.  It will be important later on.

He wrote his work, “De Excidio Britanniae,” or “The Ruin of Britain,” in 546 A.D.  The Oxford Dictionary of Saints says this work shows rhetorical power (he was a really good writer) as well as considerable knowledge of the scriptures and other works (he was well educated).  He apparently had access to works and letters from his contemporaries and wrote letters himself, of which we have only fragments.  But the fragments are telling.  From one fragment we read, “Abstinence from bodily food is useless without charity.”  That sounds familiar.  We in the LDS faith are encouraged to fast one day a month, not to go hungry, but to specifically ask a blessing for our own lives or the life of another, and to donate the cost of the meals we miss to the poor – a fast offering.  As Gildas taught, so our Church leaders today teach, that fasting without a purpose is useless. 

Apparently people of Gildas day had begun to practice asceticism, and he recognized it for what it was, “…death has entered through the windows of their pride.”  A clean heart is ultimately what your salvation depends on, not how many meals you do or do not eat.  Pride, not only found in asceticism, but in wealth, was as much a problem then as it is now.  So far, the teachings of Gildas are ringing true to me. 

Next time we’ll dive into his greatest work, “The Ruin of Britain.”

Gildas the Sage, Part One

My home office is a total shambles this morning.  Carpet layers are coming to install new carpeting in the spare room.  Waking up I realized the binder with information on Gildas was probably buried behind the stacks of stuff I’ve stored here.  Still, I went looking for it and to my delight, there was the bright red binder within stretching reach.

 So here we are.

When I was doing my research about king Arthur, the name of Gildas kept cropping up.  There are few records from this time period we are talking about, 450 – 600 A.D.  Most records alluding to the legend of king Arthur, like the history of Geoffrey of Monmouth, were written centuries later.  Even the ancient historian Nennias writes in the 700’s A.D.  But Gildas work is dated 546 A.D.  We couldn’t get an original source any closer. 

Trying to find Gildas work, however, was difficult.  The public libraries were woefully inadequate, so I took myself up to the library at the University of Utah and set about to see what I could find.  Gildas was listed there.  Writing down the reference number and location I set out to find, “Six Old English Chronicles,” a collection of works translated from the Latin and published by George Bell and Sons, London, 1900.

I found myself in a quiet part of the library, hardly another soul in sight.  Pulling the book off the shelf, I found a study desk, sat down, opened the book – and there it was, “The works of Gildas, surnamed ‘Sapiens,’ or the Wise.”  I began to read.

“1. Whatever in this my epistle I may write in my humble but well-meaning manner, rather by way of lamentation than for display, let no one suppose that it springs from contempt of others, or that I foolishly esteem myself as better than they:--for, alas! The subject of my complaint is the general destruction of everything that is good, and the general growth of evil throughout the land:…”

My pulse began to quicken.  This was language I understood.  The Bible is full of this kind of language.  Was my belief that a remnant of Israel was to be found in the British Isles about to be validated?  I kept reading.  That this man was a Christian, there is no doubt, for he started quoting both the Old and New Testament, as if appealing to these scriptures for support of the condemnation he would begin to heap upon the people.  A couple of pages later I read:

“If God’s peculiar people, chosen from all the people of the world, the royal seed, and holy nation, to whom he had said, ‘My first-begotten Israel,’ its priests, prophets, and kings, throughout so many ages, his servant and apostle, and the members of his primitive church, were not spared when they deviated from the right path, what will he do to the darkness of this our age, in which, besides all the huge and heinous sins which it has in common with all the wicked of the world committed, is found an innate, indelible, and irremediable load of folly and inconsistency.”

Simply put, Gildas laments, if God had so punished the Children of Israel for their crimes, what is He going to do to us for our crimes?

I was dancing in the aisles.  I kid you not.  I wanted to yelp with excitement, but I was in a library, so I got up and did a little jig.  This was a prophetic voice of warning in the best Old Testament tradition.

“Six Old English Chronicles” could not be checked out of the library, so I went to the Public Library and requested in inter-library loan.  Some weeks later, a tattered copy from the University of Dayton Roesch Library arrived.  Since the book was published in 1900, I figured it was now in the public domain.  I put a photocopy machine to good use.

I was on my way to the greatest discovery I had yet found, linking Ancient Israel with king Arthur, Merlin and the legends of the British Isles.

Next:  Gildas the Sage, Part Two.

St. Patrick and the Four Sons of Mosiah: Part Three

Where there is no true religion, all that is left is superstition. 

I’d like now to turn to the Book of Mormon and the fours sons of Mosiah.  One of the more popular stories in the Book of Mormon, is of Ammon.  Taking selected companions with them, the four boys arrive in the land, offer a prayer, receive comfort and promises from the Lord, then go their separate ways to different tribes and kings.

The Lamanites of that time are described as follows.

 … for they had undertaken to preach the word of God to a wild and a hardened and a ferocious people; a people who delighted in murdering the Nephites, and robbing and plundering them; and their hearts were set upon riches, or upon gold and silver, and precious stones; yet they sought to obtain these things by murdering and plundering, that they might not labor for them with their own hands.  Thus they were a very indolent people, many of whom did worship idols, … (Alma 17: 14-15)

Ammon and his companions eventually come to a tribe governed by one King Lamoni, a son of the high king over all the Lamanites.  There, he willingly enters into the king’s service and is sent to do a dangerous and terrifying task.  He is to keep the king’s flocks.

While Ammon is doing his job with other servants of the king, we come face to face with a typical raid.  Other Lamanites, hoping to add to their flocks, scatter the king’s flocks.  The king’s servants are terrified because they know they’ll be killed by the king for losing his flocks.  Ammon seizes the opportunity and steps forward with sling and sword to defend the flocks and the servants.

Being the son of a king, I’m sure Ammon was well trained on the use of weapons.  He puts that to good use, and defeats all the foes, cutting off the arm of any who came against him.  The kings servants are astounded and overjoyed, to the extent they gather up all the arms and take them to the king to tell the tale of a mighty hero.  And honestly, this is just like the hero stories of the Norsemen, except that, instead of showing up and boasting of his strength and demanding the hero portion at the feast that would follow, Ammon finishes with the flocks and moves on to his next task, feeding the king’s horses and getting them ready for a journey.

The kings is stunned, and rightly so!  Who behaves like this?  He’s terrified that Ammon is the Great Spirit, sent to punish him for being so petty as to put his own servants to death for losing some livestock to raiders.  He wants to talk to Ammon, but doesn’t dare.

When Ammon finishes his chores, he returns to the king for further instructions.  Again, is this how a hero of the old myths behaves?  Surely not!  Lamoni has no idea what to do with this man, but just stares at him for about an hour until the Spirit of the Lord impresses on Ammon what the issues are and the door is opened for Ammon to preach the gospel of Christ.

I find the similarities between these two cultures, the Ancient Irish and the Book of Mormon Lamanites, astounding.  Perhaps there are similarities with other cultures as well.

They both are raiders, taking slaves, boasting of their might and prowess.  They both are in terror of their deities.  The Irish have very frightening deities that have to be appeased somehow.  They both are in terror of death.

Through the preaching of Ammon, king Lamoni and all his people become converted to the Lord, insomuch that they lay down their weapons, even burying them in the earth.  They have a complete change of heart.

Through the preaching of St. Patrick, the land of Ireland is turned from chaos to peace.  These mighty warriors turn from their raiding, warrior ways and instead, turn their energies to studying the gospel of Christ and becoming great scholars.  They have a complete change of heart.

According to the Book of Mormon, the Lamanites and the Nephites, are remnants of scattered Israel, of the House of Joseph of Egypt, of the tribe of Mannessah.

According to the traditions of the British Isles, one of the daughters of king Zedekiah was brought by the prophet Jeremiah to Ireland, where she married a local chieftan.  The tribe of Ephraim/Judah was introduced into Ireland. 

According to Isaiah, the children of Israel, once scattered, shall hear the doctrine of the Messiah, and be restored, converted, healed, changed to bear up the kingdom of God and establish Zion.

This is what Patrick did.  He was a great man, whom I honor and revere.  He had a perfect understanding of the Salvation of Christ. “The difference between Patrick’s magic and the magic of the druids is that in Patrick’s world all beings and events come from the hand of a good God, who loves human beings and wishes them success.”  He was  “completely at peace over whatever may come” because he put his absolute trust in the “hands of God Almighty.” 

Next, Gildas the Sage.

(All quotations are taken either from the Book of Mormon, Alma 17-18, or from “How the Irish Saved Civilization” by Thomas Cahill, Anchor Books.  I highly recommend you read these books for further comparison and enlightenment about St. Patrick and Israel in the British Isles.)